1872
Roald Amundsen born July 16
1926 Norge-expedition. Norge
Norge
The airship Norge, originally named N-1, was constructed by the italian airship designer Umberto Nobile at the Stabilimento di Construzioni Aeronautiche di Roma (SCA), the italian state airship factory outside Rome, in 1924.
The airship was a semi-rigid type, a type between the one without inner framework underneath the balloon envelope, and the fully rigid airship with a complete metal skeleton. The semi-rigid airships had a keel-formed frame under the gas ballon. Along the keel the crew could move from the gondola and back to the engines during flight. The keel was built with strengthened aluminum and covered with rubberized fabric.
N-1 was originally built for passangers. It had a large gondola, placed in the front part of the airship, that included both the pilot`s seat and the passanger area. Here it was placed 20 armchairs on the floor, flowers on the walls, “and also a small well-equipped bedroom reserved for Italys king Vittorio Emanuele III”, Nobile wrote.
It had its first flight on the first of March 1924, but just a month later on April 4th, Roald Amundsen was given the opportunity to join the airship on one of the test flights.
Before the flight across the Arctic Ocean, Nobile and his men did several adjustments on the ship. One of the changes was done ot the gondola, which was completely rebuilt. They also had to brace some parts to make it possible to make use of the mooring mast that were built on Ekeberg, Vadsø and Ny-Ålesund.
Built: 1924
Airship type: semi-rigid
Full lenght: 106 meter ( ca. 347 ft)
Width: 19 meter (ca. 62 ft)
Height: 24 meter (ca. 78 ft)
Main machine: Three Mayback IV-1-engines, 245 hp (ca. 180 kW).
Related resources
“Bestepappa” – Grandfather
On Roald Amundsen’s desk there are photographs of two young girls, each sitting on a donkey.
Amundsen called them Kakonita and Camilla.
They called him Bestepappa — “Grandfather.”
This is the story of those two girls, based on what Amundsen left behind in his home.
Maud Expedition 1921
It was the expedition’s third winter. The expedition ship Maud was frozen fast near Cape Serdtse-Kamen, on the Siberian side of the Bering Strait.
It was January 1921, more than two years have passed since the expedition left Norway. Still, Maud had not begun her drift across the Arctic Ocean.
There were now only four men aboard: Amundsen, Wisting, Sverdrup, and Olonkin.
Yet, there was life in and around the Maud. Local traders and Chukchi people often came to visit, and some even found work on board.
One of them was Kakot, who joined the ship in the autumn of 1920.
«At first, he slept down in the workroom, where he spent the night on a couple of reindeer skins. During the day, he chopped firewood» 📜, wrote Harald Ulrik Sverdrup.
But Kakot made a good impression and was promoted.
«The next step was that he learned to wash the dishes, and at the same time he was moved up to a vacant cabin. Thus began his career as a cabin boy.»📜
A few weeks later, Kakot revealed that he had a daughter. Her mother was dead, and she was living with strangers. He asked permission to bring her on board.
January 2nd became a memorable day. In his diary, Roald Amundsen wrote:
«This evening came his little daughter — five years old — here to live. Her mother has been dead for a long time.»📜
We do not know her original Chukchi name, but on board Maud she was called Kakonita, often shortened to Nita.
Sverdrup described here as: «a small, frozen, frightened girl of about five years, who disappeared into one of the big wicker chairs and did not dare say a word — only looked at us with large brown eyes.».📜
But she was in poor health.
Two days later, Amundsen wrote:
«Kakonita, Kakot’s little 4-year-old daughter — I treated her today. Laid her stark naked on the dining table, washed her with permanganate. She has eczema all over her body — large sores.»📜
The days and weeks went by, and everyone adjusted to a new routine. For Nita, it was an entirely new world.
The crew gave her clothes, made her tiny sunglasses, shoes, mittens, and a reindeer-skin suit with a hood.
At night, she slept in Amundsen’s cabin.
Amundsen began mentioning her more and more often in his diary.
January 21, 1921:
«[…] She is a funny little child — terribly ugly — frightfully mischievous, but extremely comical. We compete to spoil her. She goes about the house making herself strangely useful, at her four or five years. She is washed every evening, all over. When she is done and neatly combed, she comes out to the galley to show herself to ‘Grandfather».📜
By mid-February, another change occurred. Kakot, who had been a widower for five years, wished to go find a new wife. Amundsen sent him off with “a small bottle of spirits, a box of socks, and a tin of tea, which he was to bring instead of a bouquet of flowers.»📜 When Kakot returned the next day, it was to report that his proposal had been accepted.
Amundsen wrote in his diary:
«On that occasion I have taken Kakonita entirely to myself. I have grown fond of her and would not wish to see her in the hands of a stepmother».📜
In the mornings, when Amundsen went for his daily walk, little Nita toddled after him, and when he met her on the way back, they went aboard hand in hand.
She also assisted the scientist Harald Ulrik Sverdrup. One day she was photographed on the ice, holding a small balloon that Sverdrup used to study different air layers.
March 7, 1921, Amundsen wrote in his diary:
«Now I am alone again, with no one to talk to — except little Kakonita. She understands me better than the others.».📜
Thirteen days later, March 20, he added:
«Kakonita — my little foster daughter — is now completely devoted to me. I believe she loves ‘Bestepappa.’».📜
Little Miss Carpendal
«At about four in the afternoon W. returned from East Cape and brought one of Carpendale’s daughters with him. She is a very sweet girl, quiet and calm, and moreover quite pretty — about ten years old. My intention is to send her home with Kakonita and have them both well brought up.»📜
It was April 19, 1921, when Amundsen wrote this in his diary.
That same day, Oscar Wisting returned from a sled journey to East Cape, where he had visited the trader Charles Carpendale. With him came one of Carpendale’s daughters.
April 21, Amundsen noted in his diary:
«… Little Miss Carpendal — she is, by the way, quite large for her age — I have given her the name Camilla. This is as close as I can come to her Chukchi name. Translated, it means: ‘Little cunt’ — which, in itself, could be considered charming enough, though my friends and acquaintances might feel somewhat uncomfortable when she is introduced.»📜
Only a few days after her arrival, Camilla began to study reading with Sverdrup. Soon, however, she fell ill — vomiting and diarrhea, they fear it might be appendicitis. Amundsen cared for her personally, administering opium for the pain. Fortunately, she recovered quickly.
In May, Amundsen made a decision that would change everything. He resolved to leave the ice for a time — to travel to Seattle, seek financial support from the Norwegian Parliament, and, if possible, realize his plan to obtain an airplane.
He decided that Camilla and Nita would go with him.
May 25, Amundsen wrote in his diary:
«I have, namely, decided to take my little darling with me myself. I am very fond of her, and she of me, so it would be a loss for us both to be separated. Moreover, this little creature would suffer greatly on the voyage south aboard this rolling tub».📜
In a letter to his brother Leon, Amundsen explained his plans:
«It is my intention to give Camilla about five years of upbringing, chiefly of a practical nature — reading, writing, all kinds of household work, and health care.»
As for Nita, the plans were different:
«Cakonita will stay at home and be brought up for comfort and usefulness to ‘Bestepappa’ in his old age.»
Seattle, New York, and Svartskog
They left Maud on May 28, 1921. After a journey via East Cape, Amundsen and the girls crossed the Bering Strait to Nome. On June 26, they boarded the SS Victoria, bound for Seattle.
Camilla suffered badly from seasickness, often vomiting incessantly. Newspapers later reported that Nita had met a boy on board — Arden Sandstrom, age seven, who had a toy pistol. Each time he aimed at her, she pretended to drop dead; Amundsen laughed heartily every time.
On July 4, they went ashore in Seattle, where they would remain for the rest of the year.
In Seattle, they met Elise Wisting (Oscar Wisting’s wife) og Håkon Hammer, Amundsen’s right hand at the time.
The girls experienced a new world – going to the cinema, seeing fireworks, visiting zoos. They celebrated Christmas with gifts, and candy.
Amundsen, the girls, and Håkon Hammer (left) at Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle. Photo: PEMCO Webster & Stevens Collection, Museum of History & Industry, Seattle
From Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle. Photo: PEMCO Webster & Stevens Collection, Museum of History & Industry, Seattle
From Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle. Photo: PEMCO Webster & Stevens Collection, Museum of History & Industry, Seattle
Nita and Camilla riding an elephant. Camilla is smiling, while Nita looks frightened and uneasy. Like a big sister, Camilla has put her arm around little Nita. On either side of the elephant stand Amundsen and a zookeeper — neither of them holding the girls.
Photo: PEMCO Webster & Stevens Collection, Museum of History & Industry, Seattle
From Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle. Photo: PEMCO Webster & Stevens Collection, Museum of History & Industry, Seattle
From Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle. Photo: PEMCO Webster & Stevens Collection, Museum of History & Industry, Seattle
Just after New Year, the little “family” continued their journey — arriving in New York. They checked into the Hotel Pennsylvania, a 22-story building with 2,000 rooms, towering over the city.
There, new journalists were waiting. The girls clutched their dolls tightly as photographers and reporters crowded around them.
Amundsen proudly praised the girls, repeating that Nita was to live permanently in Norway, while Camilla would stay for only a few years.
After four days in New York, the girls boarded the DS Stavangerfjord together with Elise Wisting, Hermann Gade (Amundsen’s close friend), and his wife. Amundsen himself stayed behind in America.
In Kristiania (now Oslo), Leon Amundsen awaited their arrival two weeks later. Together with Elise Wisting and their families, he would be among those who spent the most time with the girls during their stay in Norway.
At Svartskog, they were shown into Uranienborg, Amundsen’s home. Their room lay upstairs, to the left, opposite Amundsen’s own bedroom.
Today, none of the girls’ belongings remain in that room; the items now there were added later.
From America, Leon had already received precise instructions from Roald on how the girls were to be cared for:
«You must make sure that whoever looks after them comes to love them. Without that, it’s no use. Above all, do not speak harshly to them. It is entirely unnecessary. To strike them would be a crime. I know you will all grow very fond of them. Get them good running shoes or beksøm boots so their feet are always dry. It is very important, as they easily catch cold.».
A few weeks later, Roald Amundsen returned home — but only for about a month. When he went out into the ice again, twenty months would pass before he came back.
Source: “Fra Roald Amundsens Kristianiabesøk,” The National Library of Norway
For Camilla and Nita, life at Amundsen’s home was also a life largely without Roald Amundsen’s presence.
On November 1, 1922, they were enrolled at the local school at Svartskog – Bålerud Skole, where they made friends and impressed their teachers with their language skills. Some of their school books are still kept at Amundsen’s house today.
January 23, 1923, brought a rather strange experience for the two girls.
That day, they were sitting inside the Victoria Cinema on Karl Johans gate in Oslo. Together with the rest of the audience — including the King, government members, relatives, and friends of the expedition — they had come to see the premiere of the film from Amundsen’s expedition.
The film contained living images of both Kakot, Nita’s father, and of Camilla’s family — family members the girls had not seen for a long time.
Source: The National Library of Norway
When Amundsen returned in November 1923, the newspaper Dagbladet came to visit. During the interview, the journalist observed the two girls playing outside:
«Out in the garden play the two little Eskimo girls whom Amundsen has adopted. Through the window I can see them frolicking, happy to have a month’s holiday — a joy unknown to them in their distant homeland far to the north, where there was no such thing as school at all. […]
They were indeed much more arctic when I last greeted them — then the northern lights flickered in their eyes, and their hair smelled faintly of seal fat, figuratively speaking. Now they have become two lovely little Norwegian girls, who go to school and are familiar with the legends of Canaan, Snorre, Nordahl Rolfsen, and both multiplication tables». 📜
Separation
The year 1924 became a difficult one for Roald Amundsen.
In September, he declared personal bankruptcy, while family conflicts deepened — among them, disputes with his brother Leon, who was one of his major creditors.
During Christmas that year, the girls traveled to Denmark with Amundsen’s business associate Håkon Hammer and his wife. They were enrolled at Marie Mørk’s School and Home, a boarding school in Hillerød. They stayed there until June 1924, before returning to Norway. That autumn, they moved in with Elise Wisting in Horten.
But the greatest journey still awaited them.
The last day Amundsen and the girls spent together in Norway was September 20, 1924.
On December 4, 1924, the girls boarded the ship that would take them north — first to Antwerp, and then on the M/S Tonking to San Francisco. There, with help from the Norwegian consul Nils Voll, they were placed in an orphanage. However, they were unhappy there, and eventually moved in with the Voll family themselves.
The first months in America were difficult: the girls had no identification papers, and arranging the journey north toward the Bering Strait proved complicated.
At last, they were placed on a boat to Nome, Alaska.
It was there they met the Norwegian journalist Erling Bergendahl, with whom they were photographed. The photograph was later sent to Roald Amundsen.
The photograph was discovered in Amundsen’s home.
Photo: The National Library of Norway.
After a long and difficult journey, the girls finally crossed the Bering Strait — back to East Cape, where they were welcomed by Camilla’s family, who also took in Nita.
A year later, the Carpendale family moved across the Bering Strait themselves. In 1926, Camilla and Nita were moved to Poulsbo, a Scandinavian settlement outside Seattle.
It was there, in Poulsbo, near Seattle, that the final meeting between Amundsen and the girls took place.
In the spring of 1927, while Amundsen was in America, he heard that the girls were living in Poulsbo.
They met — and were photographed together for the last time.
Roald Amundsen’s House 2025-2028
The summer of 2028 – one hundred years after Amundsen left the house for the last time – the property will be secured for the future and a new visitor center will be in place.
Why a new project?
Uranienborg is a cultural heritage site of truly exceptional character. The house has remained largely untouched since 1928 and holds Roald Amundsen’s personal belongings, letters, and artifacts. The collection is of inestimable historical value, but the buildings and interiors are exposed to a range of damaging factors and clearly show the wear of time. In recent years, extensive conservation and documentation work has been carried out, and important measures against light, humidity, and other threats have been implemented. Now, this work will be intensified.
What will be done?
Between 2025 and 2028, a number of important projects will be carried out:
- Restoration of the main house, outbuildings, and bathhouse – to halt further deterioration and safeguard the buildings for the future.
- Conservation of the collections – including textiles, furniture, wallpapers, and other objects.
- New visitor center – the current caretaker’s residence will be transformed into a modern, universally accessible center for exhibitions and interpretation.
- Opening of the outbuildings and bathhouse – previously inaccessible spaces will be opened up become part of the visitor experience, with interactive and free offerings.
- New exhibitions – hidden stories and discoveries will be shared through digital tools and interactive solutions.
Financing
To realize the project, funding was sought through the national program Nasjonale kulturbygg. The state, as owner of the property, took responsibility and granted the application with an allocation of NOK 39.8 million. This provides the foundation for securing Uranienborg’s future.
2028
The goal is to transform Uranienborg into a living institution that combines preservation with modern interpretation. Visitors will be able to experience the house as Amundsen himself left it, while at the same time gaining insight into new perspectives and research findings.
In 2028, Uranienborg will stand as a complete museum – a place that safeguards the past while pointing towards the future.
The Polar Flight 1925
Roald Amundsen’s 1925 attempt to fly to the North Pole was full of big dreams, money trouble, international politics, and plenty of drama.
The online exhibition The Polar Flight 1925 takes you through the whole story leading up to the expedition’s takeoff.
The Polar Flight 1925
The Dream of the Northwest Passage
Roald Amundsen’s first expedition was a result of childhood dreams, mentors, creditors, and misunderstandings.
The online exhibition “The Dream of the Northwest Passage” delves into the entire story leading up to the expedition’s departure.
The Polar Legion
On December 17, 1926, “The Polar Legion” was founded at the Metropolitan Club in New York. The organization was described as one of “the most exclusive in the world,” with membership limited to those who had led an expedition to either the geographic North Pole or South Pole.
The Legion had only five members:
- Roald Amundsen
- Lincoln Ellsworth
- Richard Byrd
- Robert Peary
- Robert Falcon Scott
Of these, only Amundsen, Ellsworth, and Byrd were alive when the organization was established.
Each member received a diploma and a badge featuring an oxidized polar bear reaching for a diamond. In “My Life as an Explorer”, Amundsen wrote about the membership:
“Not least among the pleasant distinctions that have fallen to me do I count my membership in what is probably the most exclusive club in the world. This is the Polar Legion, originated on December 17, 1926, by Mr. Lincoln Ellsworth, Commander Richard E. Byrd, and myself.” 📜
Although more individuals today would qualify for membership, the Legion’s roster was never expanded.
Related resources
Esther Klausen’s oatmeal biscuits
Esther was married to Trygve Klausen, one of the owners and founders of Kings Bay Kull Compani AS (Kings Bay Coal Company Ltd). The couple lived in Kings Bay (Ny-Ålesund) in Svalbard. Trygve Klausen died in 1924, but Esther stayed in Kings Bay.
Before heading north in flying boats N 24 and N 25, Amundsen and the crew were given a box of Klausen biscuits. According to Amundsen, they were “a delicious product” and came in handy when the expedition was marooned in the ice near 88 degrees north.
Recipe:
500 g oatmeal
500 g butter
100 g sugar
6 heaped large teaspoons of baking powder
5 dl cold milk
500 g wheat flour
Melt the butter and sugar, mix in the milk, pour over the oatmeal and leave overnight. Mix in baking powder and flour. Roll out and shape the biscuits, but make sure they are not too thin. Fry on low heat.
In the years that followed, Esther Klausen held several lectures and demonstrations on food and nutrition, at which “Roald Amundsen’s Pole biscuits” would be served.📜
1925 To 88 degrees north
Personal equipment
Rucksack with:
- Sleeping bag
- 1 change of underwear (shirt, wool trousers, one pair of socks, and one pair of ragg socks)
- Compass
- Matches in watertight bag
- Mechanical firelighter
- Snow goggles
- Sewing kit (housewife)
- One cup and one spoon
- Ski boots and one pair of boots of own choice
- 1 pair skis, 1 pair ski poles and 1 harness for hauling sledges, 1 knife
- They could also take up to 2 kilos in total of such things as tobacco, pipe, diary, headwear or other personal items
Sources:
Amundsen, Roald, and others: Our Polar flight : the Amundsen-Ellsworth Polar flight, 1925 📜.
Roald Amundsen’s equipment list for the polar flight : a note from the expedition diary [In Norwegian] 📜.
1925 To 88 degrees north
Personnel
The expedition to 88 degrees north involved the efforts of a range of people: the crews on board Hobby and Farm 📜 and were essential to carrying the expedition safely from Tromsø to Svalbard; the inhabitants of Kings Bay (Ny-Alesund) assisted the expedition in the days before it headed north; and several personnel from the Dornier factory in Italy worked on the flying boats. The meteorologists, Jakob Bjerknes and Ernst Calwagen, were central to determining the optimum moment of departure, and through it all the journalists James W. Wharton and Fredrik Ramm, together with the photographer and film-maker Paul Berge, worked to convey news of the expedition to the outside world.
The crews of flying boats N 24 and N 25 themselves were:
N 24
N 25
1925 To 88 degrees north
Provisions
Pemmican
Donated by De danske Vin- & Konservesfabriker (Danish Wine and Preserves Factories). When mixed with hot water, 80 grams was enough to feed a man for a day.
Chocolate
Donated by Freia Chokoladefabrik. During the expedition’s time on the ice, this was made into a drink using one third of a slab to 400 grams of hot water and supplemented with Molico dried milk tablets provided by De Norske Melkefabrikker. “Chocolate then became a drink for the gods,” wrote Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen 📜.
Oatmeal biscuits
From Sætre biscuit factory in Oslo and specially made for the expedition. These were supplemented in Kings Bay by two boxfuls made by Esther Klausen.
Malted milk
In tablet form from Horlicks, USA.
The daily ration per man during the expedition was planned to be:
Pemmican 400 grams
Chocolate 2 slabs of 125 grams
Biscuits 125 grams (12 biscuits)
Molico dried milk powder 100 grams
Malted milk 125 grams
During the expedition’s time on the ice, rations had to be reduced. Both breakfast and supper consisted of a cup of chocolate and three oat biscuits. Lunch was soup cooked with 80 grams of pemmican.
Sources:
Amundsen, Roald, and others: Our Polar flight : the Amundsen-Ellsworth Polar flight, 1925 📜.
Roald Amundsen’s equipment list for the polar flight : a note from the expedition diary [In Norwegian] 📜.
