Aleingan (Kagoptinner)
Netsilik Inuit
Adam Tollefsen
Polar explorer
Born: 1866, Heskestad (Lund), Norway
Died: 1943, Oslo, Norway
Sailor with the Belgica expedition, 1897–99.
Tollefsen grew up in Heskestad, in south-west Rogaland, before leaving to work at Karljohansvern, the Norwegian Navy’s main shipyard in Horten. We know little of how he became involved in the Belgica expedition, beyond a description of him as man of maturity and experience.
Tollefsen took part in several of the expedition’s sledge journeys, and when Frederick Cook, Georges Lecointe and Amundsen went out in July 1898 on what they claimed as “The first sledge expedition on the Antarctic pack ice”, Tollefsen was central to their safe return. A lead had opened up in the ice and halted the progress of the three, so Tollefsen, Jan van Mirlo and Ludwig Hjalmar Johansen Kallevig went out to help find a safe path back to the ship. Amundsen described the scene in his diary: “It is a pleasure to see these three men work their way forward. In particular, we keep our eyes fixed on the first with admiration. He is, without a doubt, the leader of this enterprise. With a certainty and boldness he walks on […]. Nothing seems to stop him. ‘Well, who can it be?’ we keep asking. His two companions follow. On a floe about 50 meters away he stops, raises his hand in a stiff, military manner to the hood of his anorak. We have instantly recognized this stiff salute, it is Tollefsen.” 📜
Tollefsen was a keen skier, and when Lecointe and Amundsen organized a “prize race with jumps” on August 22, he won several prizes. He was by all accounts an intelligent man, and assisted with the scientific work as well as the hunting and preparation of penguin and seal skins.
On November 5, 1898, however, Amundsen writes in his diary, “Tollefsen has begun to show signs of mental confusion lately, though nothing more serious.” 📜 A few weeks later, Amundsen repeats his concern for Tollefsen, writing on November 28, “Tollefsen has again today shown strange signs that indicate mental confusion.” 📜
The expedition’s doctor, Frederick Cook, attributed Tollefsen’s psychological problems to the polar darkness and isolation. Others of the crew described how Tollefsen reacted to sounds from the ice, suffered from headaches, and became convinced that the crew wanted to harm him. He was set to work preparing sealskins, which according to Amundsen he enjoyed.
In December, Tollefsen joined Amundsen and Cook on a trip to one of the nearest large icebergs. The excursion proved more demanding than they had planned for, and it was twelve hours’ hard slog before they were finally back on board Belgica. Cook records that Tollefsen fainted twice after they reached the ship, while Amundsen describes him responding to a glass of liquor, and continues, “The doctor is now taking care of him until he falls asleep. It was, in the doctor’s opinion, exhaustion mixed with madness. His brain is never in order now. He thinks a lot and often makes the strangest statements. It’s a shame, as this is a very good guy and well liked by everyone.”📜
On the expedition’s return to Punta Arenas in March 1899, Tollefsen fled into the backcountry outside the city and refused to come aboard again. Apparently believing that Belgica was haunted, he declined even to pick up his belongings, which included his expedition diary. In an act whose motivation is unclear, this was later set on fire and destroyed by some of the crew. Left behind by Belgica, Tollefsen returned to Norway later with Amundsen and others on a passenger ship.
Great celebrations greeted the return of the Belgica. The expedition members were given the freedom of the city of Antwerp and an array of other honours, but Tollefsen was more concerned with returning to Norway to be with his sweetheart, Alette Sofie Kristiansen. They had a son in 1901, and after marrying in 1902, had another son, Adam, who lived for only two days.
Having given up the seafaring life, Tollefsen found work laying telephone lines before emigrating to Canada in 1903. He returned a few years later to Oslo and in 1906 had a daughter, Gunvor, who would die before her second birthday.
Tollefsen’s struggle with his mental health continued; already, just a few weeks after the return of Belgica, concerns had been raised among those associated with the expedition. In 1909, a newspaper reported that he had turned up at his brother’s home in Heskestad after being reported missing from home several weeks earlier 📜. By 1910, the national census listed him as “sick” and living in the Lier area, apparently in the farming community there that was known for employing and looking after the mentally ill. He would remain registered with the psychiatric hospital that opened there in 1926 for the rest of his life.
He seems not to have been at Alette’s funeral in 1923, but went on to outlive her by twenty years, dying aged 76 in 1943.
Source:
Sancton, Julian: Madhouse at the end of the earth (2021)
Aleingan (Kagoptinner)
Netsilik Inuit
One of the Netsilik Inuit Amundsen met during the expedition through the Northwest Passage, 1903-06. A tinted photograph of him hangs in Amundsen’s home.
Gustav “Busken” Amundsen
Brother
Gustav “Busken” Amundsen
Brother
Gustav was nicknamed “Busken” at a young age. He was the second oldest of the four Amundsen brothers.
Gustav “Goggen” Amundsen
Nephew, contributor to the establishment of a museum at Amundsen’s home
Gustav “Goggen” Amundsen
Nephew, contributor to the establishment of a museum at Amundsen’s home
“Goggen” was the nephew of Roald Amundsen and played a key role in the opening of Amundsen’s home as a museum
Hanne Henrikke Gustava Amundsen (née Sahlqvist)
Mother
Hanne Henrikke Gustava Amundsen (née Sahlqvist)
Mother
Gustava was the mother of Roald Amundsen and his three brothers.
Jens Engebreth Amundsen
Father
Jens Engebreth Amundsen
Father
Roald Amundsen’s father spent many years at sea. He died on a journey home from England in 1886, when Roald Amundsen was 14 years old.
Jens Ole Antonius “Tonni” Amundsen
Brother
Jens Ole Antonius “Tonni” Amundsen
Brother
Eldest brother, nicknamed “Tonni”, was born in China and was one of the brothers least involved in Roald Amundsen’s expeditions.
Leon Henry Benham Amundsen
Brother
Leon Henry Benham Amundsen
Brother
Leon was two years older than Roald, and played a key role in several of Roald’s expeditions until the brothers split in 1924.
Malfred Fritzner Amundsen
Sister-in-law
Malfred Fritzner Amundsen
Sister-in-law
Malfred was the sister-in-law of Roald Amundsen, and in his will he made her his sole heir.
Nita Kakot Amundsen
Foster daughter
Nita Kakot Amundsen
Foster daughter
The girls Nita and Camilla Carpendale went to Norway and Svartskog together with Amundsen in 1922 where they lived until 1924. The girls called Amundsen “Grandpa”.
Ole Amundsen
Grandfather
Ole Amundsen
Grandfather
Ole Amundsen was the father of Jens Engebreth Amundsen (Roald Amundsen’s father) and his eleven siblings.
Betty Anderson
Nanny
Betty Anderson
Nanny
Betty was one of the key women in Amundsen’s life. She was the nanny when he grew up, and when Amundsen moved to Svartskog, she joined him and moved into the gatehouse, which became “Betty’s house”.
Henryk Arctowski
Polar explorer
Henryk Arctowski
Polar explorer
Geologist, oceanographer and meteorologist, Belgica expedition 1897-99
Eivind Astrup
Polar explorer and role model
Eivind Astrup
Polar explorer and role model
Eivind Astrup became one of the world’s most experienced polar explorers of his time and a great role model for Roald Amundsen. He chose to end his life when only 24 years old.
Andreas Beck
Polar explorer
Alfred Edwin Peto Bennett
Elder son of Kristine Elisabeth Bennett
Alfred Edwin Peto Bennett
Elder son of Kristine Elisabeth Bennett
Elder son of Kristine Elisabeth “Kiss” Bennett and Charles Peto Bennett. Visited Amundsen at Uranienborg for a few days in the spring of 1925.
Charles Peto Bennett
Younger son of Kristine Elisabeth Bennett
Charles Peto Bennett
Younger son of Kristine Elisabeth Bennett
Younger son of Kristine Elisabeth “Kiss” Bennett and Charles Peto Bennett. Visited Amundsen at Uranienborg for a few days in the spring of 1925.
Kristine Elisabeth “Kiss” Bennett
Girlfriend
Kristine Elisabeth “Kiss” Bennett
Girlfriend
Roald Amundsen had strong feelings for Kristine Elisabeth “Kiss” Bennett. She visited Uranienborg several times, but even though Amundsen transferred ownership of it to her, she never moved in.
Paul Berge
Photographer and filmmaker
Paul Berge
Photographer and filmmaker
Photographer with Amundsen’s expeditions of 1925 and 1926.
Bernt Johannes Birkeland
Meteorologist
Bernt Johannes Birkeland
Meteorologist
Intended to be meteorologist on the Fram expedition, but withdrew before departure.
Olav Olavsen Bjaaland
Polar explorer
Olav Olavsen Bjaaland
Polar explorer
Took part in the Fram expedition and the sledge journey to the South Pole.
Gilbert Georges Paul Brazy
Mechanic
Gilbert Georges Paul Brazy
Mechanic
French mechanic. Disappeared with Amundsen during the flight with Latham 47.02 in 1928.
Camilla Carpendale
Foster daughter
Camilla Carpendale
Foster daughter
The girls Nita and Camilla Carpendale went to Norway and Svartskog with Amundsen in 1922 and lived there until 1924. The girls called Amundsen “Grandpa”.
Sigrid Flood “Sigg” Castberg
Girlfriend
Sigrid Flood “Sigg” Castberg
Girlfriend
Sigrid Flood Castberg, often called “Sigg”, was one of the women Amundsen had a relationship with. But when Amundsen proposed, she was already married and wanted to wait, and when she was ready he wanted…
Albert Cavelier de Cuverville
Pilot
Albert Cavelier de Cuverville
Pilot
French military pilot. Disappeared with Amundsen during the flight with Latham 47.02 in 1928.
Silas Christofferson
Aviation pioneer
Silas Christofferson
Aviation pioneer
Silas Christofferson was an American aviation pioneer. He took Amundsen into the air with an aeroplane for the first time.
Peter “Don Pedro” Christophersen
Financial supporter and friend
Peter “Don Pedro” Christophersen
Financial supporter and friend
Peter “Don Pedro” Christophersen was a friend and financial supporter of Roald Amundsen. He was part owner of Amundsen’s home from 1924.
Frederick Albert Cook
Polar explorer and close friend
Frederick Albert Cook
Polar explorer and close friend
Cook was a friend and mentor to Amundsen. Best known for claiming to be the first man to the North Pole.
Odd Dahl
Polar explorer and scientist
Émile Danco
Polar explorer
Leif Ragnar Dietrichson
Polar explorer and pilot
Leif Ragnar Dietrichson
Polar explorer and pilot
Participated in the aircraft expedition to 88 degrees north in 1925. Disappeared with Amundsen during the flight with Latham 47 in 1928.
Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski
Polar explorer and scientist
Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski
Polar explorer and scientist
Assistant meteorologist, Belgica expedition 1897-99
Christian Doxrud
Sea captain and aviator
Christian Doxrud
Sea captain and aviator
Captain of Fram from Buenos Aires to Colon 1912–13 and first mate on the voyage home to Norway.
Gustave-Gaston Dufour
Polar explorer
Oscar Eliassen
Engineer
Oscar Eliassen
Engineer
An engineer on board Fram, but disembarked before departure from Kristiansand in August 1910.
Lincoln Ellsworth
Close friend and polar explorer
Lincoln Ellsworth
Close friend and polar explorer
Lincoln Ellsworth participated in and financed Amundsen’s expeditions in 1925 and 1926. He later led several of his own polar expeditions.
Ole Engelstad
Navy captain selected as deputy leader of the Fram expedition
Ole Engelstad
Navy captain selected as deputy leader of the Fram expedition
Selected as deputy leader of the Fram expedition, but died during the testing of man-lifting kites in 1909.
Karl Feucht
Mechanic and polar explorer
Karl Feucht
Mechanic and polar explorer
Participated as mechanic during the flight to 88 degrees north in 1925. Worked at the Dornier factory.
Herman Gade
Closest friend
Herman Gade
Closest friend
Amundsen considered Gade his best friend. He was also an important contributor to Amundsen’s home becoming a museum in 1935.
Adrien de Gerlache
Polar explorer
Hjalmar Fredrik Gjertsen
Polar explorer
Hjalmar Fredrik Gjertsen
Polar explorer
Second officer and scientific assistant on the Fram expedition
René Cyprien Guilbaud
Pilot
René Cyprien Guilbaud
Pilot
French military pilot. Disappeared with Amundsen during the flight with Latham 47.02 in 1928.
Haakon VII
King of Norway
Carl Hagenbeck
Animal trainer
Carl Hagenbeck
Animal trainer
Animal trainer. Tried to turn polar bears into draft animals for Amundsen’s coming expedition in 1907.
Håkon Hedemann Hammer
Collaborator
Håkon Hedemann Hammer
Collaborator
Håkon Hammer met Roald Amundsen in Seattle in 1921. He quickly became a collaborator and supporter, but was later named by Amundsen as one of the reasons for his personal bankruptcy.
Carl Martin Hansen
Polar explorer
Carl Martin Hansen
Polar explorer
Participated as an all-rounder on the Maud expedition in the years 1922-1925.
Godfred Hansen
Polar explorer
Ludvig Anton Hansen
Polar explorer
Helmer Julius Hanssen
Polar explorer
Helmer Julius Hanssen
Polar explorer
Participated in the Gjøa, Fram and Maud expeditions. Was among the chosen ones who reached the South Pole on December 14, 1911.
Sverre Helge Hassel
Polar explorer
Sverre Helge Hassel
Polar explorer
Took part in the Fram expedition and the sledge journey to the South Pole. Died in Amundsen’s garden at Svartskog in 1928.
Hjalmar Johansen
Polar explorer
Hjalmar Johansen
Polar explorer
Participant in the Fram expedition and the sledge journey to King Edward VII Land. Was expelled from the polar party after a conflict with Amundsen.
Kakot
Chukchi member of Maud crew
Kakot
Chukchi member of Maud crew
Kakot was a Chukchi and the father of Nita Kakot Amundsen.
Ludvig Hjalmar Johansen Kallevig
Polar explorer
Engebret Knudsen
Polar explorer
Paul Knutsen
Polar explorer
Paul Knutsen
Polar explorer
Participated in the Maud expedition, but left the expedition in 1919, together with Peter Tessem. Both perished. What really happened to them is still unknown.
Johan Koren
Polar explorer and zoologist
Halvardus Kristensen
Polar explorer
Halvardus Kristensen
Polar explorer
Participant in the Fram expedition and part of the sea party.
Aleksandr Kuchin (Alexander Kutchin)
Polar explorer, seafarer and scientist
Aleksandr Kuchin (Alexander Kutchin)
Polar explorer, seafarer and scientist
Oceanographer on the Fram expedition. Disappeared with a Russian expedition in the Kara Sea.
Georges Lecointe
Polar explorer
Adolf Henrik Lindstrøm
Ship’s cook
Adolf Henrik Lindstrøm
Ship’s cook
Participated as expedition cook on the Gjøa expedition 1903-06 and the Fram expedition 1910-12.
Anton Lund
Polar explorer
Reidar Lund
Filmmaker
Elisabeth “Bess” Magids
Girlfriend
Elisabeth “Bess” Magids
Girlfriend
The Alaska Inupiaq called Elizabeth Magids “Queen of the Arctic”, Amundsen’s crew referred to her as “the mysterious lady”. Amundsen called her “Bess”. She went to live with Amundsen in Norway in 1928….
Finn Malmgren
Polar explorer, scientist and meteorologist
Finn Malmgren
Polar explorer, scientist and meteorologist
Participated as a research assistant on the Maud expedition, and as a meteorologist on the Norge expedition. Died on Umberto Nobile’s airship expedition in 1928.
Maniratcha (Manni)
Netsilik Inuit
Maniratcha (Manni)
Netsilik Inuit
One of the Netsilik Inuit Amundsen met during the expedition through the Northwest Passage 1903-06. A coloured picture of him decorates a window in Amundsen’s home.
Queen Maud
Queen of Norway
Jules Melaerts
Polar explorer
Louis Michotte
Polar explorer
Alexander Nansen
Lawyer
Alexander Nansen
Lawyer
Amundsen’s legal advisor and involved in both Amundsen’s expeditions and his private life.
Fridtjof Nansen
Polar hero, scientist and role model
Fridtjof Nansen
Polar hero, scientist and role model
Polar explorer, international humanist, pioneering naturalist, Nobel Peace Prize winner and one of Amundsen’s first great role models.
Georg von Neumayer
Scientist
Georg von Neumayer
Scientist
German scientist who taught Amundsen about geomagnetism before the Gjøa expedition.
Thorvald Nilsen
Polar explorer and captain
Thorvald Nilsen
Polar explorer and captain
Captain and deputy leader of the Fram expedition
Umberto Nobile
Airship engineer and polar explorer
Umberto Nobile
Airship engineer and polar explorer
Nobile was the airship engineer whom Amundsen criticized after the expedition in 1926. During the search for his wrecked expedition in 1928, Roald Amundsen disappeared.
Jacob Nødtvedt
Polar explorer
Jacob Nødtvedt
Polar explorer
Blacksmith and second engineer on the Fram expedition, signed off the expedition due to illness in September 1911.
Olav V
Norwegian Crown Prince and King
Olav V
Norwegian Crown Prince and King
Crown Prince of Norway from 1905-1957 and Norway’s King until his death in 1991.
Gennadiy Nikitich Olonkin
Polar explorer
Gennadiy Nikitich Olonkin
Polar explorer
Joined the Maud expedition after visiting the ship in Khabarovsk. Also participated in the Norge expedition, but was left out from the actual voyage across the Arctic Ocean.
Karenius Olsen
Polar explorer and cook
Karenius Olsen
Polar explorer and cook
Cook on the Fram expedition and youngest man on board.
Oskar Omdal
Polar explorer and pilot
Oskar Omdal
Polar explorer and pilot
Participated as a pilot on the Maud expedition, on the N24 and on the airship Norge. Disappeared in a plane crash in 1927.
Onaller
Netsilik Inuit
Onaller
Netsilik Inuit
One of the Netsilik Inuit Amundsen met during the expedition through the Northwest Passage 1903-06. A coloured picture of her hangs in Amundsen’s home.
Christian Theodore Pedersen
Captain, hunter and trader
Christian Theodore Pedersen
Captain, hunter and trader
Experienced trader who lived along the north coast of Alaska. Assisted Amundsen during the Maud expedition.
Fredrik Peterson
Merchant and influential Norwegian in Paris
Fredrik Peterson
Merchant and influential Norwegian in Paris
Norwegian merchant in Paris who arranged for Amundsen to use the French flying boat Latham 47.02 in 1928.
Kristian Prestrud
Polar explorer
Kristian Prestrud
Polar explorer
Participated in the Fram expedition. Led the sledge expedition to King Edward VII Land.
Michael Puntervold
Lawyer
Michael Puntervold
Lawyer
Lawyer for Amundsen and a key figure in the inheritance settlement following his disappearance in 1928. Photo: Oslo museum.
Emil Gheorghe Racoviță (Émile G. Racovitza)
Polar explorer and biologist
Emil Gheorghe Racoviță (Émile G. Racovitza)
Polar explorer and biologist
Biologist, Belgica expedition 1897-99
Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen
Pilot and polar explorer
Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen
Pilot and polar explorer
Participated in the aircraft expedition to 88 degrees north in 1925 and the airship expedition in 1926.
Peder Ristvedt
Polar explorer
Martin Rønne
Polar explorer and sailmaker
Martin Rønne
Polar explorer and sailmaker
Sailmaker who participated in four of Amundsen’s expeditions. Among other things, he sewed the tent that was left at the South Pole in 1911.
Max van Rysselberghe
Polar explorer
Anders T. Sandvig
Steward
Anders T. Sandvig
Steward
Originally steward on the Fram expedition, but left the expedition in Funchal, Madeira in September 1910.
Kamilla Schiørn
Girlfriend
Kamilla Schiørn
Girlfriend
At Amundsen’s home, there is a pile of love letters from Kamilla Schiørn, written when they were both teenagers.
Adolf Hermann Schröer
Oceanographer
Adolf Hermann Schröer
Oceanographer
Oceanographer aboard the Fram during the North Atlantic cruise in the summer of 1910.
Robert Falcon Scott
Polar explorer
Robert Falcon Scott
Polar explorer
Robert Falcon Scott was a British naval officer and polar explorer. He died on his way home from the South Pole in 1912.
Henri Somers
Polar explorer
Albert Søiland
Cancer specialist
Albert Søiland
Cancer specialist
Søiland was one of the world’s leading specialists in cancer treatment in the 1920s. Roald Amundsen was one of his patients.
Jørgen Stubberud
Polar explorer and carpenter
Jørgen Stubberud
Polar explorer and carpenter
Took part in Fram expedition. Worked on modernization of Amundsen’s home and on construction of polar ship Maud.
Knut Sundbeck
Polar explorer
Knut Sundbeck
Polar explorer
Sundbeck was an engineer on both the Fram and Maud expeditions.
Harald Ulrik Sverdrup
Polar explorer and scientist
Harald Ulrik Sverdrup
Polar explorer and scientist
Scientific leader of the Maud expedition and later a leading oceanographer.
Søren Marentius Syvertsen
Polar explorer and engineer
Søren Marentius Syvertsen
Polar explorer and engineer
Engineer on Maud from 1922. Died on board of illness in 1923.
Peter Tessem
Polar explorer
Peter Tessem
Polar explorer
Participated in the Maud expedition, but left the expedition in 1919 with Paul Knutsen. Both perished. What really happened to them is still unknown.
Adam Tollefsen
Polar explorer
Emanuel Tønnesen
Polar explorer
Emanuel Tønnesen
Polar explorer
Participated in the Maud expedition, left the expedition in 1920.
Ugpi (Uglen)
Netsilik Inuit
Ugpi (Uglen)
Netsilik Inuit
One of the Netsilik Inuit Amundsen met during the expedition through the Northwest Passage 1903-06. A coloured picture of him decorates a door in Amundsen’s home.
Emile Valette
Radio telegraphist
Emile Valette
Radio telegraphist
French telegraph operator. Disappeared with Amundsen during the flight with Latham 47.02 in 1928.
Jean (Jan) van Mirlo
Polar explorer
Carl-August Wiencke
Polar explorer
Gustav Juel Wiik
Polar explorer
Gustav Juel Wiik
Polar explorer
Second engineer on Gjøa 1903-06. Died during the expedition.
Oscar Wisting
Friend and polar explorer
Oscar Wisting
Friend and polar explorer
Oscar Wisting was one of Amundsen’s most loyal friends and expedition staff.
Fritz Gottlieb Zapffe
Friend and materials manager
Fritz Gottlieb Zapffe
Friend and materials manager
One of Amundsen’s closest friends and supporters. Visited Svartskog several times.
